Smiles affect response to stress

Screenshots of the different smiles used in the study: “reward” (top), “affiliation” (middle), “dominance” (bottom). Martin et al., University of Wisconsin–Madison

Many people find it stressful to be in situations where other people are judging them, such as public speaking. During such situations, we produce steroid hormones called glucocorticoids that affect many systems throughout the body. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis—a network involving the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the brain and the adrenal glands near the kidneys—plays a central role in these effects.

A team led by Jared Martin and Dr. Paula Niedenthal at the University of Wisconsin–Madison investigated whether the HPA axis responds to nonverbal feedback, such as facial expressions. Past work from the team identified the characteristics of at least three distinct types of genuine, spontaneous smiles. Each one serves a different social function. “Reward” smiles show happiness and reinforce behavior, “affiliation” smiles strengthen social bonds between people, and “dominance” smiles are derisive and signal feelings of superior social status. The researchers tested how these different smiles affect HPA axis activity.

The team recruited 90 male college students. The men were asked to give three short speeches about themselves in front of a male evaluator who was watching over a web camera. In fact, the evaluator only briefly appeared live, then turned off his camera. After each of the three speeches, the participants were shown videos of their evaluator’s facial expressions. They were told these represented spontaneous reactions, but the videos were actually pre-recorded. The men were shown one reward, affiliation, or dominance smile after each of their responses. Each time, they were also shown a control video with a neutral response, such as face scratching or eye blinks.

The scientists measured levels of the glucocorticoid cortisol in the men’s saliva. They also used an electrocardiograph before, during, and after the speech to measure heart activity. The study was funded in part by NIH’s National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Results were published in Scientific Reports on March 1, 2018.

The team found that dominance smiles increased levels of cortisol and heart rates. Reward and affiliation smiles, in contrast, tended to buffer the effects of stress. Participants receiving reward or affiliation smiles returned to their base cortisol levels within 30 minutes after their speech, while those who received dominance smiles continued to have significantly higher cortisol levels 30 minutes later.

Heart rate variability—how much the time between heart beats varies—has previously been tied to a sensitivity to social cues such as facial expressions. The scientists found that the men in the study who had higher baseline heart rate variability differed more in their physiological responses to the different types of smiles. These differences between people may fundamentally affect how they respond to social situations.

“Our results show that subtle differences in the way you make facial expressions while someone is talking to you can fundamentally change their experience, their body, and the way they feel like you’re evaluating them,” Martin says.

Further study will be needed to better understand how people vary in how they understand and respond to nonverbal social cues. Notably, women may tend to respond in different ways than men. They were excluded from this particular study because of potential measurement complications caused by oral contraceptives.

—by Harrison Wein, Ph.D.